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ceannaigh -> ceannógh- (a second step is a change from gh to ch: ceannóch-).

gh changed to ch because the form was “ceannóghfaidh”, I think, and the f devoiced the gh.

Hmm, broad ch -> slender gh is quite common (eg. genitive forms like bealach -> bealaigh) without any further voicing triggers.
Slender gh -> broad ch is just the reverse way. I don’t think a devoicing /h/ sound is necessary.
AFAIK there never was a f or /h/. One future marker (= ó) was enough.

except if you speak Ulster Irish and want to write it properly 😉

ar ndóigh. 🙂

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inis -> ineosainn -> neosfainn

In earlier times it was a normal inflection type of verbs switching in second syllable from short i to long ó/eo in future and conditional tenses:
inis -> ineos-
(as well as imir -> imeor- etc.).
A future or conditional ending was added (without f): ineosainn.
In Musnster Irish unstressed first syllable got lost: ineosainn -> neosainn.
The f in neosfainn is just a contamination by 1st conjugation verbs.

The normal future/conditional –ó– of 2nd conjugation verbs is due to the same process whithin their second syllable -igh:
ceannaigh -> ceannógh- (a second step is a change from gh to ch: ceannóch-).
A future or conditional suffix is added: ceannóchaidh, now spelt ceannóidh.

Verbs like inis addopted this by syncopation: ineosainn -> inseoinn (the now standard form)

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I have no answer for 1., so to your 2nd question

2. I ran across these two sentences to-day:

An bhfuilir chun mise d’fhágaint anso?
D’iarr m’athair orm dul go dtí an siopa agus tobac d’fháil dó.

I understand what they mean, but I was wondering what the d’ is – does anybody know?

“a” between objects and verbal nouns is a shortened form of the preposition “do”
to make a thing: “rud do dhéanamh” => rud a dhéanamh
So, here “d'” in front of vowels or fh is exactly the same.
Munster Irish, obviously.

chun mise d’fhágaint anso = chun mise a fhágáil anseo
agus tobac d’fháil dó = agus tobac a fháil dó

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Yes, that’s right.
I will correct the sentence above.

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This question may be silly a bit, but I wanted to see if anyone might give me some information on how to use the following words:

“gur,” “mar,” “má,” agus “dá.”

I see them written a lot, and I would love to learn how to use them correctly and read them correctly. Some examples would be great!

Go raibh maith agaibh!

gur = past tense form of go = “that”
Dúirt tú gur chuir tú anseo é = You said that you put it here.

gur = form of copula is/ba = “that is” (present tense) and “that was” (past tense, here it is leniting)
Deir sí gur bean í = She says that she is a woman
Dúirt sí gur bhean í = She said that she was a woman (Ok, a silly example ;))

mar with verb = “because”
mar dúirt tú = because you said

mar with go (or gur respectively in past tense) = “because”
mar go ndúirt tú = because you said

mar with a and direct relative clause = “as”
mar a dúirt tú = as you said

mar with a (and ar in past tense) and indirect relative clause = “where”
Fág é mar ar chuir tú é = Leave it where you put it!

mar with nouns or pronouns = “as”
mar fhear = as a man

má = “if” (real conditions)
má dhéanann tú é = if you do it (or: if you will do it)

dá = “if” (irreal conditions)
dá ndéanfá é = if you would do it

(Edit: corrected)

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do dheineas = rinne mé
It’s Munster Irish

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Ó Dónaill’s dictionary doesn’t provide any etymological notes.
But there’s a different entry “is[size=1](2)[/size]” compared with “is[size=1](1)[/size]” (= copula) and “is[size=1](3)[/size]” (= agus)
And “is[size=1](2)[/size]” is defined as “prep. (of time) ~ an, up to, ago. Mí ~ an lá inniu, a month ago today, […]”
So, it seems to be neither copula nor agus.

OK, there’s a fourth “is-[size=1](4)[/size]” as in istigh and istoíche which should be cognate to “is[size=1](2)[/size]” (an old derivation from “in”)

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“is an” here is a form of “ins an” (literary = in the)
according to Dinneen

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There’s the button “Gaelach” or you use [ cite ] [ / cite ]:

[color=green][size=4]Agus féaÄ‹, sidé anso agat é![/size][/color] 🙂

[Labhrás]

Try this:

http://www.gaelchlo.com/index.html

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Here are some samples for a lot of Irish sounds:
http://www.phouka.com/gaelic/sounds/sounds.htm

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Hmm, I’d think an saor can have plural meaning = the free (as it is in English: the free, the rich, the poor, the English, …)
Or is this only a Béarlachas?

Here article an is dropped because of the definite genitive Uladh.

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